[
  {
    "id": "algiers-metro",
    "country": "Algeria",
    "city": "Algiers",
    "system": "Algiers Metro",
    "operator": "Entreprise Metro d'Alger",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metroalger-dz.com/fr/details_usagers_idAC-10/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The operator documents buying a transport ticket before entering, not direct bank-card gate payment."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile-wallet gate entry is not documented."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR gate entry is not documented."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Metro ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Insert the purchased ticket into the access-control device to open the barrier.",
          "source": "Algiers Metro passenger information"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "unknown",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Tickets are sold at station ticket offices and automatic vending machines before validation."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Algiers Metro passenger information",
        "url": "https://www.metroalger-dz.com/fr/details_usagers_idAC-10/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "buenos-aires-subte",
    "country": "Argentina",
    "city": "Buenos Aires",
    "system": "Buenos Aires Subte",
    "operator": "Emova",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://buenosaires.gob.ar/gcaba_historico/subte",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "SUBE"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Buenos Aires transport"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Contactless credit and debit cards can be used at Subte gates.",
          "source": "Buenos Aires transport"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "NFC bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Buenos Aires transport"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "SUBE and supported contactless payment media are the documented access methods."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "SUBE purchase and reload availability varies by station and sales point."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "SUBE is used across Argentine public transport; open-loop bank-card payment is separately available on Subte."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Buenos Aires transport",
        "url": "https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/moverse-por-la-ciudad",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Buenos Aires Subte",
        "url": "https://buenosaires.gob.ar/gcaba_historico/subte",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "sydney-trains-metro",
    "country": "Australia",
    "city": "Sydney",
    "region": "New South Wales",
    "system": "Sydney Trains and Metro",
    "operator": "Transport for NSW",
    "modes": [
      "suburban rail",
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://transportnsw.info/tickets-fares/contactless-payments",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-21",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Opal"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Opal"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "American Express",
            "Mastercard",
            "Visa"
          ],
          "source": "Contactless payments"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Samsung Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Contactless payments"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Apps support planning and account management; gate entry uses Opal or contactless payment."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Tourist use generally relies on Opal or contactless payment rather than a dedicated rail-only pass."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because machine cash availability can vary by location."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Opal"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Contactless payments"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because machine wallet support is separate from gate contactless support."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "yes",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Opal and contactless payments work across multiple Transport for NSW modes with fare rules."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Contactless payments",
        "url": "https://transportnsw.info/tickets-fares/contactless-payments",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Opal",
        "url": "https://transportnsw.info/tickets-fares",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "vienna-u-bahn",
    "country": "Austria",
    "city": "Vienna",
    "system": "Vienna U-Bahn",
    "operator": "Wiener Linien",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.wienerlinien.at/web/wl-en/single-journey",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "WienMobil digital ticket",
            "annual pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Vienna uses pre-purchased paper or digital tickets rather than a stored-value tap card for occasional travel."
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Tap+Ride launched as a one-year pilot from May 2026; it should not yet be treated as universal permanent open-loop coverage.",
          "source": "Wiener Linien Tap and Ride"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Phones and smartwatches follow the Tap+Ride pilot.",
          "source": "Wiener Linien Tap and Ride"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "WienMobil digital ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Wiener Linien single journey"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "WienMobil"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Wiener Linien single journey"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Wiener Linien single journey"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "24-hour ticket",
            "Vienna City Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Product inclusions and validation rules vary."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "U-Bahn station machines sell Wiener Linien fare products."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Ticket-machine payment methods include bank cards."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Machine generation determines the available card interface."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Vienna tickets cover Wiener Linien and participating urban services; Tap+Ride is currently a pilot."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Wiener Linien single journey",
        "url": "https://www.wienerlinien.at/web/wl-en/single-journey",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Wiener Linien Tap and Ride",
        "url": "https://www.wienerlinien.at/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "dhaka-metro-rail",
    "country": "Bangladesh",
    "city": "Dhaka",
    "system": "Dhaka Metro Rail",
    "operator": "Dhaka Mass Transit Company Limited",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://dmtcl.gov.bd/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "MRT Pass",
            "Rapid Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMTCL fare media"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A general bank card is not documented as direct gate-entry fare media."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile-wallet gate entry is not documented."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR gate entry is not documented."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMTCL fare media"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A dedicated tourist product is not documented."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "partial",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "MRT Pass and Single Journey Ticket are the documented Metro fare media; Rapid Pass is intended for multimodal use."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "DMTCL fare media",
        "url": "https://dmtcl.gov.bd/pages/policies/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-mrt-pass-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-sjt-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-630b17-6922d8fbdbfbab28ce047230",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "DMTCL FAQ",
        "url": "https://dmtcl.gov.bd/pages/static-pages/6922dc72933eb65569e106c8",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "sao-paulo-metro",
    "country": "Brazil",
    "city": "Sao Paulo",
    "region": "Sao Paulo metropolitan area",
    "system": "Sao Paulo Metro",
    "operator": "Companhia do Metropolitano de Sao Paulo",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "monorail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metro.sp.gov.br/sua-viagem/bilhetes-cartoes/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Bilhete Unico",
            "TOP card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Sao Paulo tickets and cards"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Contactless debit or credit cards are accepted at designated gates and stations, not represented as universal at every gate.",
          "source": "TurisMetro"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Contactless bank-card wallets follow the designated open-loop gate rollout."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Bilhete Unitario QR Code"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Sao Paulo QR tickets"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "TOP app QR ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Sao Paulo QR tickets"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Printed QR single ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Sao Paulo QR tickets"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cash is accepted at ticket offices; self-service QR ticket machines primarily document debit-card payment."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The current official ticket page confirms self-service QR-ticket machines but does not clearly state their current bank-card acceptance."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "PIX and app channels can purchase QR tickets, but this is separate from a universal machine QR-payment function."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "The network supports stored-value cards and QR tickets; direct bank-card entry is limited to designated gates."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Sao Paulo tickets and cards",
        "url": "https://www.metro.sp.gov.br/sua-viagem/bilhetes-cartoes/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Sao Paulo QR tickets",
        "url": "https://www.metro.sp.gov.br/sua-viagem/bilhetes-cartoes/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "TurisMetro",
        "url": "https://www.metro.sp.gov.br/sua-viagem/turismetro/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "toronto-ttc",
    "country": "Canada",
    "city": "Toronto",
    "region": "Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area",
    "system": "TTC Subway and Light Rail",
    "operator": "Toronto Transit Commission",
    "modes": [
      "subway",
      "light rail",
      "streetcar"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.ttc.ca/Fares-and-passes/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "PRESTO card",
            "PRESTO Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TTC fares and passes"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express",
            "Interac Debit"
          ],
          "source": "TTC bank card payment"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "PRESTO in mobile wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TTC bank card payment"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Paper transfer"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Paper transfers are proof of payment for cash fares, not a general reloadable gate medium."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "PRESTO day pass products"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability depends on the PRESTO fare product."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TTC fare payment guide"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Fare vending machine payment capabilities vary by station and product."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Direct gate tapping is separately supported network-wide."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "PRESTO and contactless payment are accepted across TTC, with transfer and regional integration rules."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "TTC fares and passes",
        "url": "https://www.ttc.ca/Fares-and-passes/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "TTC bank card payment",
        "url": "https://www.ttc.ca/riding-the-ttc/Updates/Pay-your-fare-with-your-debit-or-credit-card",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "TTC fare payment guide",
        "url": "https://www.ttc.ca/Fares-and-passes/Fare-Payment-Guide",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "santiago-metro",
    "country": "Chile",
    "city": "Santiago",
    "system": "Santiago Metro",
    "operator": "Metro S.A.",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metro.cl/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "bip! card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "bip card"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Contactless bank-card payment is in a rollout or trial phase; verify station coverage before relying on it.",
          "source": "bip payment FAQ"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Garmin Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Supported wallets follow an eligible Visa or Mastercard during the contactless rollout.",
          "source": "bip payment FAQ"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "bip! QR in Red app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "bip card"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Red app QR fare"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "bip card"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The integrated fare system uses cards, QR and supported bank-card media rather than a standard paper ticket."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Metro stations sell and reload bip! cards through the established sales network.",
          "source": "bip sales network"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "bip! and QR integrate Metro, RED buses and selected rail services."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "bip payment FAQ",
        "url": "https://www.tarjetabip.cl/preguntas-frecuentes.php",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "bip card",
        "url": "https://www.tarjetabip.cl/que-es-tarjeta-bip.php",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "bip sales network",
        "url": "https://www.tarjetabip.cl/donde-puedo-cargar.php",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "medellin-metro",
    "country": "Colombia",
    "city": "Medellin",
    "region": "Aburra Valley",
    "system": "Medellin Metro",
    "operator": "Metro de Medellin",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "cable car",
      "bus rapid transit"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metrodemedellin.gov.co/en/users/how-to-travel-in-the-medellin-metro",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Civica card",
            "Civica debit card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro de Medellin Civica"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Bancolombia Civica debit card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The co-branded Civica debit card is supported; this is not documented as universal open-loop acceptance of any bank card.",
          "source": "Civica debit card"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "CivicaPay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Civica app"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "CivicaPay QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Civica app"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Civica app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Civica app"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Civica reload and sales channels vary across the integrated network."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Civica is the shared fare medium for the integrated Medellin transport system."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Metro de Medellin Civica",
        "url": "https://www.metrodemedellin.gov.co/en/users/how-to-travel-in-the-medellin-metro",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Civica debit card",
        "url": "https://www.metrodemedellin.gov.co/al-dia/noticias/tarjeta-debito-civica-bancolombia-la-llave-de-entrada-al-sistema-metro",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Civica app",
        "url": "https://civica.metrodemedellin.gov.co/civica-app",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "prague-metro",
    "country": "Czech Republic",
    "city": "Prague",
    "system": "Prague Metro",
    "operator": "Prague Public Transit Company",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://pid.cz/en/tickets-and-fare/how-to-buy-ticket/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Litacka card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Long-term fare products can be associated with Litacka; visitors commonly use paper or app tickets."
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Bank cards buy tickets at terminals or machines; they are not a general direct gate-entry medium."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile wallets can fund ticket purchase but are not themselves the validated fare."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "PID Litacka app ticket QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "PID ticket purchase"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "PID Litacka"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "PID ticket purchase"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "PID ticket purchase"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "24-hour ticket",
            "72-hour ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "PID ticket purchase"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Machines accept coins; payment capability varies by machine.",
          "source": "PID points of sale"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "PID points of sale"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "PID points of sale"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "PID tickets cover Prague integrated transport; a ticket must be purchased and validated before travel."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "PID ticket purchase",
        "url": "https://pid.cz/en/tickets-and-fare/how-to-buy-ticket/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "PID points of sale",
        "url": "https://pid.cz/en/contacts/points-of-sale/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "copenhagen-metro",
    "country": "Denmark",
    "city": "Copenhagen",
    "region": "Zealand",
    "system": "Copenhagen Metro",
    "operator": "Metro Service",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://dinoffentligetransport.dk/en/find-tickets",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Rejsekort card",
            "Rejsekort app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DOT Rejsekort"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Bank cards are documented for ticket-machine purchase, not general direct Metro validation."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile payment may fund ticket purchase; the fare itself is an app ticket or Rejsekort product."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "DOT app ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DOT tickets"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "DOT Tickets app",
            "Rejsekort app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DOT tickets"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Machine-issued single ticket",
            "City Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DOT ticket machines"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "City Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DOT ticket machines"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Payment options vary by operator and machine; Metro stations have ticket machines.",
          "source": "DOT ticket machines"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DOT ticket machines"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Card acceptance depends on machine type."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Rejsekort and DOT tickets cover multiple public transport operators and modes."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "DOT tickets",
        "url": "https://dinoffentligetransport.dk/en/find-tickets",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "DOT ticket machines",
        "url": "https://dinoffentligetransport.dk/en/find-tickets/find-ticket-machines",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "DOT Rejsekort",
        "url": "https://dinoffentligetransport.dk/find-billetter/rejsekort-app-og-basiskort",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "santo-domingo-metro",
    "country": "Dominican Republic",
    "city": "Santo Domingo",
    "system": "Santo Domingo Metro",
    "operator": "Oficina para el Reordenamiento del Transporte",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "cable car"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.opret.gob.do/Servicios/PasajesIndividuales",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Reloadable Card",
            "Single-Load Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OPRET individual fares"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "OPRET documents validating an OPRET fare card at the turnstile rather than tapping a bank card."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A mobile-wallet gate-entry method is not documented."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR gate entry is not documented."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Single-load fare card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OPRET individual fares"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A dedicated tourist product is not documented."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Individual fares are purchased with cash at Metro and cable-car ticket offices.",
          "source": "OPRET individual fares"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "OPRET fare cards are used across the Santo Domingo Metro and cable-car services."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "OPRET individual fares",
        "url": "https://www.opret.gob.do/Servicios/PasajesIndividuales",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "OPRET FAQ",
        "url": "https://www.opret.gob.do/PortalInstitucional/PreguntasFrecuentes",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "helsinki-metro",
    "country": "Finland",
    "city": "Helsinki",
    "region": "Helsinki region",
    "system": "Helsinki Metro",
    "operator": "Helsinki Regional Transport Authority",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "commuter rail",
      "tram",
      "bus",
      "ferry"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.hsl.fi/en/travelling/visitors",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "HSL card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL ticketing"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Select zones before tapping at the card reader; the purchased ticket is stored against the card.",
          "source": "HSL contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL contactless"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "HSL app ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL app"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "HSL app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL app"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "HSL uses cards, app tickets, contactless payment and machine-issued digital fare products."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "HSL day ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL visitors"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Ticket-machine availability and payment options vary by location."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL visitors"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "HSL visitors"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Contactless adult single tickets and HSL fare media cover all HSL modes within the selected zones."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "HSL visitors",
        "url": "https://www.hsl.fi/en/travelling/visitors",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "HSL contactless",
        "url": "https://www.hsl.fi/en/travelling/ticket-validity-and-interchanging",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "HSL app",
        "url": "https://www.hsl.fi/en/tickets-and-fares/hsl-app",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "HSL ticketing",
        "url": "https://www.hsl.fi/en/tickets-and-fares/ticketing-overhaul",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "paris-metro",
    "country": "France",
    "city": "Paris",
    "region": "Ile-de-France",
    "system": "Paris Metro and RER",
    "operator": "Ile-de-France Mobilites",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "regional rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/en/tickets-fares",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-21",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Navigo Easy",
            "Navigo card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "IDFM tickets"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Direct open-loop bank-card gate entry is not the standard network-wide model."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Mobile ticket",
            "smartphone-based Navigo products"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "IDFM tickets"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Some digital products use app-based validation; verify product and mode."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Ile-de-France Mobilites app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "IDFM tickets"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "deprecated",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Legacy paper tickets are being phased out."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paris Visite",
            "Navigo Day Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "IDFM tickets"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because cash purchase availability varies by station and sales channel."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "IDFM tickets"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial for ticket purchase channels, not direct open-loop gate entry."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "IDFM tickets"
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Navigo products are the main regional fare media."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "IDFM tickets",
        "url": "https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/en/tickets-fares",
        "accessed": "2026-07-21"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "berlin-u-bahn",
    "country": "Germany",
    "city": "Berlin",
    "system": "Berlin U-Bahn",
    "operator": "Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.bvg.de/en/tourists/tickets",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "VBB-fahrCard"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Smartcards are primarily used for subscriptions; occasional riders usually use paper or app tickets."
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Automatic charging by tapping a bank card for a ride is not available network-wide.",
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Apple Pay and Google Pay can purchase tickets but are not direct gate-entry media.",
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "BVG mobile ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "BVG Tickets app",
            "Jelbi app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Berlin WelcomeCard",
            "day ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG ticket machines"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG ticket machines"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BVG ticket machines"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Available on newer or compatible machines.",
          "source": "BVG tourist tickets"
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "VBB tickets cover participating regional operators; riders must buy and validate a ticket before travel."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "BVG tourist tickets",
        "url": "https://www.bvg.de/en/tourists/tickets",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "BVG ticket machines",
        "url": "https://www.bvg.de/de/service-und-kontakt/verkaufsstellen/ticketkauf-am-automaten",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "athens-metro",
    "country": "Greece",
    "city": "Athens",
    "region": "Attica",
    "system": "Athens Metro",
    "operator": "STASY",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "suburban rail",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.oasa.gr/en/visit-athens/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "ATH.ENA Card",
            "ATH.ENA Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OASA visit Athens"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "source": "OASA contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OASA contactless"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR is not documented as the standard Metro validation medium."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The ATH.ENA Card app supports card purchase or reload functions on compatible NFC devices."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "ATH.ENA Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OASA visit Athens"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Tourist Ticket",
            "airport fare products"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OASA visit Athens"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Payment options vary by machine; some tram-station machines are bank-card only.",
          "source": "OASA points of supply"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OASA points of supply"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OASA points of supply"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Contactless bank-card payment and ATH.ENA fare media cover OASA services subject to fare rules."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "OASA visit Athens",
        "url": "https://www.oasa.gr/en/visit-athens/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "OASA contactless",
        "url": "https://www.oasa.gr/en/tickets/products/contactless-payments-with-bank-cards/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "OASA points of supply",
        "url": "https://www.oasa.gr/en/tickets/points-of-sale-reloading/points-of-supply-for-tickets-and-cards/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "hong-kong-mtr",
    "country": "Hong Kong",
    "city": "Hong Kong",
    "system": "MTR",
    "operator": "MTR Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "suburban rail",
      "airport rail",
      "light rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/tickets/tf_index.html",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Octopus"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MTR tickets and fares"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "UnionPay"
          ],
          "notes": "Available for MTR rides including Airport Express; not available for Light Rail or MTR Bus.",
          "source": "MTR contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Octopus on iPhone or Apple Watch",
            "Octopus on Android",
            "contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Octopus mobile FAQs"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "AlipayHK EasyGo",
            "Alipay Transit QR",
            "UnionPay App MTR Transit QR",
            "WeChat Transit QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR products and supported lines vary; Airport Express support is explicitly documented.",
          "source": "MTR tickets and fares"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "MTR Mobile supports travel services, while gate payment depends on a supported QR or fare product."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MTR tickets and fares"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Tourist Day Pass",
            "Airport Express Travel Pass",
            "Tourist Octopus"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MTR tickets and fares"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MTR tickets and fares"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Card acceptance depends on the machine and ticket product."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Some ticket machines or self-service points accept contactless cards; this is not universal."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability follows the payment capability of the relevant machine or product."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "CNRT records Alipay and WeChat support only at selected stations for ticket purchase.",
          "source": "CNRT Pay"
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "partial",
      "notes": "Octopus is the principal interoperable fare medium. Contactless bank cards have product and mode limitations."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "MTR tickets and fares",
        "url": "https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/tickets/tf_index.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "MTR contactless",
        "url": "https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/main/about_contactless.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Octopus mobile FAQs",
        "url": "https://www.octopus.com.hk/en/consumer/customer-service/faq/apple-pay/use.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Octopus on Android",
        "url": "https://www.octopus.com.hk/en/consumer/customer-service/faq/android-octopus/get.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "CNRT Pay",
        "url": "https://ivysauro.github.io/CNRT/data/Pay",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "budapest-metro",
    "country": "Hungary",
    "city": "Budapest",
    "system": "Budapest Metro",
    "operator": "Budapesti Kozlekedesi Kozpont",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://bkk.hu/en/tickets-and-passes/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Paper pass",
            "digital pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The regular model is a pre-purchased ticket or pass rather than a stored-value tap card."
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Pay&GO buys and validates a ticket only at supported devices, currently including Metro Line M1.",
          "source": "BKK Pay and Go"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Contactless bank-card wallets follow supported Pay&GO devices.",
          "source": "BKK Pay and Go"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "BudapestGO mobile ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK mobile ticket"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "BudapestGO"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK mobile ticket"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK tickets"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "24-hour travelcard",
            "72-hour travelcard"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK tickets"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK ticket machines"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK ticket machines"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BKK ticket machines"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Budapest Pay&GO has limited line/device coverage; BudapestGO and paper products cover the broader network."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "BKK tickets",
        "url": "https://bkk.hu/en/visiting-budapest/tickets-and-passes/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "BKK mobile ticket",
        "url": "https://bkk.hu/en/tickets-and-passes/purchase-information/mobile-ticket/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "BKK ticket machines",
        "url": "https://bkk.hu/en/tickets-and-passes/purchase-information/ticket-vending-machines-tvm/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "BKK Pay and Go",
        "url": "https://bkk.hu/en/tickets-and-passes/pay-and-go",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "delhi-metro",
    "country": "India",
    "city": "Delhi",
    "region": "National Capital Region",
    "system": "Delhi Metro",
    "operator": "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "airport rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://delhimetrorail.com/ticket",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Delhi Metro Smart Card",
            "National Common Mobility Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMRC ticket options"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "National Common Mobility Card bank card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Only compatible NCMC products function as fare media; this is not universal acceptance of every bank card.",
          "source": "DMRC ticket options"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Wallets can purchase app QR tickets through supported channels."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper QR ticket",
            "Mobile QR ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMRC QR ticketing"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Delhi Metro Sarthi QR ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMRC app QR"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper QR ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMRC QR ticketing"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Tourist Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "DMRC ticket options"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Ticket vending machines issue paper QR tickets; payment availability varies by machine.",
          "source": "DMRC FAQ"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Digital and vending channels support several non-cash methods, subject to machine or app."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Supported apps can purchase QR tickets using their available payment methods."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "NCMC is the national interoperable card standard; QR tickets are separately supported."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "DMRC ticket options",
        "url": "https://delhimetrorail.com/ticket",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "DMRC QR ticketing",
        "url": "https://delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/pressrelease_details/qr-code-based-ticketing-facility-introduced-across",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "DMRC app QR",
        "url": "https://delhimetrorail.com/qr-based-ticketing-for-travel-on-airport-line",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "DMRC FAQ",
        "url": "https://delhimetrorail.com/faq-tickets-fare",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "mrt-jakarta",
    "country": "Indonesia",
    "city": "Jakarta",
    "system": "MRT Jakarta",
    "operator": "MRT Jakarta",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.jakartamrt.co.id/id/info-terkini/sistem-pembayaran-tiket-perjalanan-mrt-jakarta-1-juli-2023",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "JakLingko card",
            "JakCard",
            "Mandiri e-money",
            "BCA Flazz",
            "BNI TapCash",
            "BRI Brizzi",
            "KMT"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment system"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Bank-card acceptance is available through documented MyMRTJ Lite or designated payment channels; verify whether a card is used directly at the gate.",
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment channels"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "AstraPay",
            "i.Saku",
            "blu"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment system"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "MRT-J app QR ticket",
            "MyMRTJ Lite QR ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment system"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "MRT-J app",
            "MyMRTJ Lite"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment channels"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "deprecated",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Multi-trip Jelajah cards were withdrawn in favour of app and interoperable card channels."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "MyMRTJ Lite vending machines accept debit and credit cards.",
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment channels"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Machine and channel capability varies."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "QRIS"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MRT Jakarta payment channels"
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Multiple Indonesian electronic-money cards and QR channels are supported; universal bank-card gate entry is not established."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "MRT Jakarta payment system",
        "url": "https://www.jakartamrt.co.id/id/info-terkini/sistem-pembayaran-tiket-perjalanan-mrt-jakarta-1-juli-2023",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "MRT Jakarta payment channels",
        "url": "https://www.jakartamrt.co.id/sites/default/files/2025-01/%5BSiaran%20Pers%5D%20Dorong%20Sistem%20Pembayaran%20berbasis%20Aplikasi%2C%20Kartu%20Jelajah%20Berganda%20Dinonaktifkan.pdf",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "jerusalem-light-rail",
    "country": "Israel",
    "city": "Jerusalem",
    "system": "Jerusalem Light Rail",
    "operator": "Cfir (Kfir)",
    "modes": [
      "light rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://cfir.co.il/",
    "last_verified": "2026-08-14",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Rav-Kav"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Jerusalem traveler information"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Bank cards can fund app or Rav-Kav purchase channels but are not documented as direct validators."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Rav-Pass",
            "Moovit",
            "Pango",
            "egg"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Approved public-transport payment apps can provide a digital fare; account and validation rules apply.",
          "source": "Israel public transport apps"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "App-based fare validation is supported through approved public-transport payment apps.",
          "source": "Israel public transport apps"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Rav-Kav Online",
            "Rav-Pass",
            "Moovit",
            "Pango",
            "egg"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Israel public transport apps"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "deprecated",
          "methods": [
            "Paper single-ride ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cfir's new station machines replaced ordinary paper-ticket sales with reusable anonymous Rav-Kav cards. Narrow legacy or eligibility references remain in fare information, so paper tickets are recorded as deprecated rather than a current general visitor medium.",
          "source": "Mynet Cfir paper-ticket phase-out"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Anonymous Rav-Kav fare products"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Visitor suitability depends on the fare product and registration channel."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cfir states that some station machines accept both banknotes or coins and cards, while other machines are card-only. Cash transactions are subject to coin and change limits.",
          "source": "Cfir Rav-Kav loading"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cfir confirms that station machines accept credit cards for buying or loading Rav-Kav fare products, with no minimum card-purchase amount.",
          "source": "Cfir Rav-Kav loading"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Contactless-capable bank cards can use the documented card-payment channel, but Cfir does not promise an NFC tap interface at every machine; riders may need to insert the card.",
          "source": "Cfir Rav-Kav loading"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cfir documents physical bank cards and cash as the station-machine payment methods. Approved mobile fare apps are a separate validation channel and are not presented as machine payment."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR app fares are validated through the approved mobile apps rather than scanned as payment at the station ticket machine."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Rav-Kav is used on buses, Israel Railways and light rail throughout Israel."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Jerusalem traveler information",
        "url": "https://jet.gov.il/en/information/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Israel public transport apps",
        "url": "https://govextra.gov.il/national-digital-agency/rising-lion-info-en/home/new/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Cfir ticket purchase",
        "url": "https://cfir.co.il/tickets",
        "accessed": "2026-08-14"
      },
      {
        "title": "Cfir Rav-Kav loading",
        "url": "https://cfir.co.il/refil",
        "accessed": "2026-08-14"
      },
      {
        "title": "Mynet Cfir paper-ticket phase-out",
        "url": "https://jerusalem.mynet.co.il/local_news/article/hyvtuqzis",
        "accessed": "2026-08-14"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "milan-metro",
    "country": "Italy",
    "city": "Milan",
    "region": "Milan metropolitan area",
    "system": "Milan Metro",
    "operator": "Azienda Trasporti Milanesi",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.atm.it/en/ViaggiaConNoi/Biglietti/Pages/HowtogetaroundMilanbypublictransport.aspx",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "RicaricaMi",
            "ATM travel card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM ticket sales"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express",
            "Maestro",
            "V PAY"
          ],
          "source": "ATM contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM contactless"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "ATM app ticket QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM ticket sales"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "ATM Milano app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM ticket sales"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Legacy magnetic tickets are being replaced by reloadable or digital media."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "One-day ticket",
            "three-day ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM ticket sales"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Some M4 machines selling RicaricaMi accept electronic payment only.",
          "source": "ATM RicaricaMi"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM ticket sales"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ATM ticket sales"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "yes",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Contactless pay-as-you-go calculates the applicable ATM fare, subject to service boundaries."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "ATM ticket sales",
        "url": "https://www.atm.it/en/ViaggiaConNoi/Biglietti/Pages/HowtogetaroundMilanbypublictransport.aspx",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "ATM contactless",
        "url": "https://www.atm.it/en/ViaggiaConNoi/Biglietti/Pages/contactless_cards_metro.aspx",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "ATM RicaricaMi",
        "url": "https://www.atm.it/it/ViaggiaConNoi/Biglietti/Pagine/bigliettoricaricabile.aspx",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "tokyo-metro",
    "country": "Japan",
    "city": "Tokyo",
    "region": "Greater Tokyo",
    "system": "Tokyo Metro",
    "operator": "Tokyo Metro",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.tokyometro.jp/en/ticket/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-21",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "PASMO",
            "Suica",
            "nationwide IC cards"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Tokyo Metro tickets"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa"
          ],
          "notes": "Contactless bank-card pilots and rollouts should be verified by line and gate."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay Suica",
            "Apple Pay PASMO",
            "Mobile Suica",
            "Mobile PASMO"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Tokyo Metro tickets"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR ticket availability depends on product and channel."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "App and online products exist, but IC card remains the main gate-entry channel."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Magnetic ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Tokyo Metro tickets"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Tokyo Subway Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Tokyo Metro tickets"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Tokyo Metro tickets"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability depends on machine and product."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because bank-card support is not a network-wide default for all products."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because wallet support depends on IC card or specific ticket product."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "IC interoperability is the core passenger payment model."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Tokyo Metro tickets",
        "url": "https://www.tokyometro.jp/en/ticket/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-21"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "macao-light-rapid-transit",
    "country": "Macao",
    "city": "Macao",
    "system": "Macao Light Rapid Transit",
    "operator": "Macao Light Rapid Transit Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "light rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/free_ticket.html",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "LRT Card",
            "Macau Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Bank cards are accepted at customer service centres for ticket purchase, not documented for direct gate entry."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile payments are accepted at customer service centres, not documented for direct gate entry."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR payment is a purchase channel rather than a direct gate-entry medium."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Automatic ticket vending machines accept Macao pataca cash and LRT Card only.",
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Contactless bank-card payment is available at customer service centres, not TVMs.",
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Alipay, WeChat Pay and Simple Pay are customer-service-centre methods, not TVM methods.",
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile QR payments are accepted at customer service centres, not TVMs.",
          "source": "MLRT tickets and fares"
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Macau Pass can be tapped at gates; CNRT also distinguishes counter payment from TVM payment."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "MLRT tickets and fares",
        "url": "https://www.mlm.com.mo/en/free_ticket.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "CNRT Pay",
        "url": "https://ivysauro.github.io/CNRT/data/Pay",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "kuala-lumpur-rapid-rail",
    "country": "Malaysia",
    "city": "Kuala Lumpur",
    "region": "Klang Valley",
    "system": "Rapid KL Rail",
    "operator": "Rapid Rail",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "light rail",
      "monorail",
      "bus rapid transit"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://myrapid.com.my/bus-train/rapid-kl/lrt/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Touch 'n Go"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Rapid KL LRT"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "planned",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Direct credit or debit card tap-in and tap-out has been announced as a future rollout; current bank-card use is for ticket purchase."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile wallets are not documented as a general current gate-entry medium."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR tickets are documented for the Shah Alam Line, not the full Rapid KL rail network.",
          "source": "Rapid KL LRT"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "MyRapid PULSE is a journey-planning app rather than a universal rail gate ticket."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Token"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Rapid KL LRT"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "MyCity pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Purchase channel and eligibility conditions apply."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Station vending machines sell single-journey tokens.",
          "source": "Rapid KL LRT"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Debit and credit cards are accepted for ticketing transactions at Rapid KL stations."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Card purchase support does not imply direct bank-card gate entry."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR payment and QR tickets depend on station, counter or line."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "planned",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Touch 'n Go is the current interoperable stored-value medium; open-loop gate entry is not yet the established network-wide model."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Rapid KL LRT",
        "url": "https://myrapid.com.my/bus-train/rapid-kl/lrt/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Rapid KL",
        "url": "https://myrapid.com.my/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "mexico-city-metro",
    "country": "Mexico",
    "city": "Mexico City",
    "system": "Mexico City Metro",
    "operator": "Sistema de Transporte Colectivo",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metro.cdmx.gob.mx/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Tarjeta de Movilidad Integrada"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Mexico City MI card"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The MI card is the documented access medium for the Metro; bank-card gate payment documented for Metrobús is not generalized to Metro."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Phone NFC can reload an MI card, but is not documented as direct Metro gate entry."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Direct QR gate entry is not documented for the Metro."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "deprecated",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The integrated mobility card replaced the former magnetic ticket for regular access."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "MI cards can be bought or reloaded with cash at Metro ticket offices and other network vending machines.",
          "source": "Mexico City MI card"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "The MI card is shared across several Mexico City public transport modes."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Mexico City MI card",
        "url": "https://mexicocity.cdmx.gob.mx/e/getting-around/mexico-city-metro-card/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Mexico City Metro",
        "url": "https://www.metro.cdmx.gob.mx/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "amsterdam-gvb",
    "country": "Netherlands",
    "city": "Amsterdam",
    "system": "GVB Metro",
    "operator": "GVB",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.gvb.nl/en/Payment-options",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "OV-chipkaart",
            "OV-pas"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "GVB payment options"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "Maestro",
            "V PAY"
          ],
          "source": "GVB OVpay"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Wallet",
            "contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "GVB OVpay"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "GVB barcode e-ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "GVB payment options"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "GVB app e-ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "GVB payment options"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Paper chip card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "GVB payment options"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "GVB day ticket",
            "Amsterdam Travel Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "GVB payment options"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Machine payment differs by metro line; some machines are cash-only and Line 52 machines differ.",
          "source": "GVB machines"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "PIN capability has been discontinued at several older-line machines.",
          "source": "GVB machines"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Direct OVpay gate entry is the more consistent bank-card channel.",
          "source": "GVB machines"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "OVpay and OV-chipkaart operate across Dutch public transport with product-specific rules."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "GVB payment options",
        "url": "https://www.gvb.nl/en/Payment-options",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "GVB OVpay",
        "url": "https://www.gvb.nl/en/customer-service/how-does-ovpay-work",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "GVB machines",
        "url": "https://www.gvb.nl/en/machines",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "panama-metro",
    "country": "Panama",
    "city": "Panama City",
    "system": "Panama Metro",
    "operator": "Metro de Panama",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.elmetrodepanama.com/guia-del-usuario/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Metrobus card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Panama Metro user guide"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Use turnstiles marked with the relevant card-network logos.",
          "source": "Panama Metro pocket guide"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The Metro app and online banking can reload a Metrobus card; direct wallet gate entry is not documented as universal."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR is not documented as a standard gate-entry medium."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The Metro app supports card reload functions rather than replacing the gate credential."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Access uses the Metrobus card or supported contactless bank card."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A dedicated tourist pass is not documented."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Metrobus cards are sold and reloaded at machines in stations.",
          "source": "Panama Metro user guide"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Online and app card reload is documented; machine card-payment coverage is not represented as universal."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Metrobus card is shared with city transport; Visa and Mastercard are also accepted at marked Metro gates."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Panama Metro user guide",
        "url": "https://www.elmetrodepanama.com/guia-del-usuario/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Panama Metro pocket guide",
        "url": "https://www.elmetrodepanama.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Guia-de-Bolsillo-Ramal-ES.pdf",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Panama Metro reload",
        "url": "https://www.elmetrodepanama.com/nuevo-validador-de-saldo-en-estaciones-del-metro/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "manila-mrt-3",
    "country": "Philippines",
    "city": "Metro Manila",
    "system": "MRT-3",
    "operator": "Department of Transportation MRT-3",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://dotrmrt3.gov.ph/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "beep card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "beep FAQ"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "The Philippine government announced cashless credit and debit payment; rollout scope and gate availability should be checked at the station.",
          "source": "Philippine government cashless payment"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "GCash"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cashless payment was introduced as an alternative to queueing for a single-journey ticket; station rollout may vary.",
          "source": "Philippine government cashless payment"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Cashless purchase can produce a journey credential, but universal QR gate coverage is not documented here."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "No universal MRT-3 operator app is documented as the standard gate-entry medium."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Philippine government cashless payment"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A dedicated tourist pass is not documented for MRT-3."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Single-journey tickets and beep products are sold through station channels."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Credit and debit payment is available through the cashless rollout; exact machine or counter support varies.",
          "source": "Philippine government cashless payment"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability follows deployed cashless terminals."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "GCash"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Philippine government cashless payment"
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile cashless payment availability depends on deployed station terminals."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "beep is shared across several Metro Manila rail lines; newer cashless methods are still rolling out."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Philippine government cashless payment",
        "url": "https://pia.gov.ph/news/mrt-3-now-accepts-cashless-payment/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "beep FAQ",
        "url": "https://beep.com.ph/faqs/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "MRT-3",
        "url": "https://dotrmrt3.gov.ph/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "warsaw-metro",
    "country": "Poland",
    "city": "Warsaw",
    "system": "Warsaw Metro",
    "operator": "Warszawski Transport Publiczny",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram",
      "bus",
      "suburban rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.ztm.waw.pl/en/about-ztm/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Warsaw City Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ZTM overview"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Bank cards are documented for purchasing tickets at machines, not as a universal direct Metro fare medium."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile payment buys an app ticket; the wallet itself is not the fare credential."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Mobile app ticket QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ZTM mobile tickets"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "mobiWAWA and approved ticket apps"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Tickets are distributed through approved apps rather than one universal ZTM app.",
          "source": "ZTM mobile tickets"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Paper ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ZTM overview"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "24-hour ticket",
            "3-day ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Zone and validation rules apply."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ZTM ticket machines"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ZTM ticket machines"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "ZTM tram machines"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "WTP tickets cover the Warsaw integrated transport network and must be purchased and validated."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "ZTM overview",
        "url": "https://www.ztm.waw.pl/en/about-ztm/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "ZTM ticket machines",
        "url": "https://www.ztm.waw.pl/informacje-prasowe/2020/05/15/nowe-biletomaty-2/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "ZTM tram machines",
        "url": "https://www.ztm.waw.pl/informacje-prasowe/2019/09/26/biletomaty-w-kazdym-tramwaju/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "ZTM mobile tickets",
        "url": "https://www.ztm.waw.pl/informacje-prasowe/2021/03/26/bilety-z-aplikacji-po-nowemu/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "lisbon-metro",
    "country": "Portugal",
    "city": "Lisbon",
    "system": "Lisbon Metro",
    "operator": "Metropolitano de Lisboa",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metrolisboa.pt/en/buy/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "navegante occasional",
            "navegante personalized"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Lisbon Metro buy"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "V PAY"
          ],
          "source": "Lisbon Metro contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Lisbon Metro contactless"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR is not documented as a standard gate-entry method."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "App payment is not the standard gate-entry channel."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Occasional fares are loaded onto the navegante card or paid by contactless card."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "24-hour fare products",
            "Lisboa Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Product validity varies by operator and attraction bundle."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Lisbon Metro buy"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Lisbon Metro buy"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Lisbon Metro buy"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "navegante covers participating Lisbon-area services; bank cards can also be tapped directly at Metro gates."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Lisbon Metro buy",
        "url": "https://www.metrolisboa.pt/en/buy/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Lisbon Metro contactless",
        "url": "https://www.metrolisboa.pt/en/ride-on-metro-lisboa-with-contactless-payment-card/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "doha-metro-lusail-tram",
    "country": "Qatar",
    "city": "Doha",
    "region": "Doha and Lusail",
    "system": "Doha Metro and Lusail Tram",
    "operator": "Qatar Rail",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.qr.com.qa/fares-and-travel-cards",
    "last_verified": "2026-08-30",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Standard Travel Card",
            "Goldclub Travel Card",
            "Limited Use Travel Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Qatar Rail travel cards are tapped at the start and end of each journey. The same fare system covers Doha Metro and Lusail Tram.",
          "source": "Visit Qatar Doha Metro guide"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Qatar Rail does not document ordinary Visa, Mastercard or other bank cards as direct gate credentials. Card payment used to buy or recharge a Travel Card does not make the bank card itself a fare medium.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Apple Pay, Google Pay and other bank-card wallets are not documented as direct gate credentials."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR gate entry is not documented for Doha Metro or Lusail Tram."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The Qatar Rail app provides maps, live updates and station information, but its current description does not identify the app as a gate-entry credential.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail app"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Limited Use Travel Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Qatar Rail offers a limited-use fare product in addition to rechargeable Travel Cards.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Standard Day Pass",
            "Goldclub Day Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Day products are available, although they are general public fares rather than visitor-exclusive passes.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Station vending machines sell Travel Cards and fare products and accept cash.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Supported bank cards can be used to buy or recharge fare media at station machines; the resulting Travel Card, not the bank card, is presented at the gate.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Contactless payment may be available at supported vending machines, but it is a purchase channel rather than open-loop gate entry.",
          "source": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Current official material reviewed does not clearly establish mobile-wallet acceptance at every station vending machine."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Current official material reviewed does not clearly establish QR payment at station vending machines."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "yes",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Qatar Rail Travel Cards cover Doha Metro and Lusail Tram, which connect at Lusail and Legtaifiya. Standard-class travel is capped at QAR 6 per day. The cards are not documented as a nationwide Qatar transit credential."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Qatar Rail fares and travel cards",
        "url": "https://www.qr.com.qa/fares-and-travel-cards",
        "accessed": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "title": "Visit Qatar Doha Metro guide",
        "url": "https://visitqatar.com/intl-en/plan-your-trip/getting-around/doha-metro",
        "accessed": "2026-08-30"
      },
      {
        "title": "Qatar Rail app",
        "url": "https://apps.apple.com/qa/app/qatar-rail/id962317816",
        "accessed": "2026-08-30"
      }
    ],
    "notes": "Riders must tap the Travel Card both in and out. Bank-card acceptance for purchase or recharge must not be interpreted as direct contactless gate entry."
  },
  {
    "id": "moscow-metro",
    "country": "Russia",
    "city": "Moscow",
    "system": "Moscow Metro",
    "operator": "Moscow Metro",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "monorail",
      "urban rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://transport.mos.ru/metro/faq",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Troika"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Moscow Metro FAQ"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "MIR"
          ],
          "notes": "The city documents contactless bank-card fare payment; foreign-issued card usability is constrained by payment-network availability.",
          "source": "Moscow Metro FAQ"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile bank-card payment depends on a supported domestic payment credential."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR and biometric channels exist at supported gates but require compatible local services."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Moscow transport apps can manage fare products; visitor eligibility and payment constraints apply."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single and multi-ride ticket on Troika media"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Moscow Metro FAQ"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Unlimited ride products"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Fare products can be loaded onto Troika subject to current tariff rules."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Tickets and Troika products are sold at station ticket offices and vending machines.",
          "source": "Troika terms"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Payment-network and card-issuer restrictions apply."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability depends on machine and supported domestic payment network."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "yes",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Troika integrates Moscow Metro and other city transport; international card acceptance is constrained."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Moscow Metro FAQ",
        "url": "https://transport.mos.ru/metro/faq",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Troika terms",
        "url": "https://transport.mos.ru/common/upload/docs/oferta.pdf",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "singapore-mrt",
    "country": "Singapore",
    "city": "Singapore",
    "system": "MRT and LRT",
    "operator": "Land Transport Authority",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "light rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/map/fare-calculator.html",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-21",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "SimplyGo EZ-Link",
            "NETS Prepaid Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SimplyGo"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "source": "SimplyGo"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Samsung Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SimplyGo"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The SimplyGo app supports account and card management; gate entry uses cards/devices."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Singapore Tourist Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SimplyGo"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Top-up and purchase options vary by machine and card product."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "source": "SimplyGo"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "source": "SimplyGo"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because machine support can vary; gate entry is separately verified."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Stored-value and account-based payments apply across bus, MRT, and LRT."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "SimplyGo",
        "url": "https://www.simplygo.com.sg/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-21"
      },
      {
        "title": "LTA fares",
        "url": "https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/map/fare-calculator.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-21"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "seoul-metropolitan-subway",
    "country": "South Korea",
    "city": "Seoul",
    "region": "Seoul Capital Area",
    "system": "Seoul Metropolitan Subway",
    "operator": "Seoul Metro and partner operators",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "suburban rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/en/page.do?menuIdx=348",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "T-money",
            "Cashbee",
            "Korea Tour Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Seoul Metro fare"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A general foreign contactless bank card is not documented as a direct gate-entry medium."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Mobile T-money"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Device, issuer and local-account requirements apply."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR is not the standard metropolitan subway gate-entry channel."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single-use transportation card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Seoul single-use ticket"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Korea Tour Card",
            "Mpass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Product validity and included operators vary."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Single-use cards are issued after paying the fare and refundable deposit.",
          "source": "Seoul single-use ticket"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "T-money and compatible transit cards work across many Korean transport networks."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Seoul Metro fare",
        "url": "http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/en/page.do?menuIdx=348",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Seoul single-use ticket",
        "url": "http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/kr/page.do?menuIdx=440",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "madrid-metro",
    "country": "Spain",
    "city": "Madrid",
    "region": "Community of Madrid",
    "system": "Metro de Madrid",
    "operator": "Metro de Madrid",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "light rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metromadrid.es/en/travel-in-the-metro/card-types",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Multi Card",
            "Personal Public Transport Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Madrid cards"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard"
          ],
          "notes": "Direct bank-card entry began on newly replaced barriers; the rollout is not represented as every gate network-wide.",
          "source": "Metro Madrid contactless rollout"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Phones and smartwatches are supported at upgraded contactless barriers.",
          "source": "Metro Madrid contactless rollout"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR is not documented as a general Metro gate-entry medium."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The transport-card app can reload compatible cards but is not a universal gate ticket."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Fares are loaded onto contactless public transport cards."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Tourist Travel Pass on Multi Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Madrid cards"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Madrid machine guide"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Madrid machine guide"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Machine type determines available payment interfaces."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "partial",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Public Transport Cards cover participating Madrid-region services; bank-card gate entry is being rolled out."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Metro Madrid cards",
        "url": "https://www.metromadrid.es/en/travel-in-the-metro/card-types",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Metro Madrid machine guide",
        "url": "https://www.metromadrid.es/sites/default/files/documentos/Use_of_transport_cards.pdf",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Metro Madrid contactless rollout",
        "url": "https://www.metromadrid.es/en/press-release/2026-06-22/the-community-of-madrid-has-completed-the-first-phase-of-the-metro-networks-ticket-barrier-replacement-programme-installing-419-new-units",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "stockholm-metro",
    "country": "Sweden",
    "city": "Stockholm",
    "region": "Stockholm County",
    "system": "Stockholm Metro",
    "operator": "Storstockholms Lokaltrafik",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "commuter rail",
      "tram",
      "bus"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://sl.se/en/fares-and-tickets",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "SL smart card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SL fares and tickets"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express"
          ],
          "source": "SL travel guide"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Contactless bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SL fares and tickets"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "SL app ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SL app"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "SL app"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SL app"
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The regular system uses app tickets, contactless payment or SL smart cards."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "SL travelcard"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "SL fares and tickets"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "A bank card buys a single journey directly at the reader; longer products use the app or SL card."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "SL fares and tickets",
        "url": "https://sl.se/en/fares-and-tickets",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "SL travel guide",
        "url": "https://sl.se/en/getting-around/how-to-travel-with-sl",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "SL app",
        "url": "https://sl.se/en/fares-and-tickets/smart-phone-ticket-app",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "kaohsiung-metro",
    "country": "Taiwan",
    "city": "Kaohsiung",
    "system": "Kaohsiung Metro",
    "operator": "Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "light rail"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.krtc.com.tw/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "iPASS",
            "EasyCard",
            "icash 2.0"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "KRTC tickets"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "JCB",
            "UnionPay",
            "American Express"
          ],
          "notes": "Supported cards include contactless credit or debit products subject to KRTC conditions.",
          "source": "KRTC contactless cards"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Samsung Pay",
            "contactless card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "KRTC contactless cards"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "LINE Pay Money",
            "TWQR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "CNRT Pay"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR support is provided through participating payment apps rather than one universal KRTC app."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "KRTC tickets"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Day and joint-ticket products are available, subject to product scope."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Station add-value and ticket machines issue or reload fare media."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Multiple Taiwan stored-value cards and contactless bank cards are accepted for gate entry."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "KRTC contactless cards",
        "url": "https://www.krtc.com.tw/Ticket/ticket_more?id=9f77e20ca65049bd9ee65ece382844af",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "KRTC tickets",
        "url": "https://www.krtc.com.tw/Ticket/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "CNRT Pay",
        "url": "https://ivysauro.github.io/CNRT/data/Pay",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "taichung-metro",
    "country": "Taiwan",
    "city": "Taichung",
    "system": "Taichung Metro",
    "operator": "Taichung Mass Rapid Transit Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.tmrt.com.tw/eng/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "EasyCard",
            "iPASS",
            "icash 2.0"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TMRT ticket types"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "JCB"
          ],
          "source": "TMRT ticket types"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Samsung Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TMRT ticket types"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "LINE Pay Money",
            "Easy Wallet",
            "iPASS MONEY",
            "icash Pay",
            "TWQR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TMRT ride method"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR gate entry uses participating payment apps."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TMRT ride method"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Day-pass products are available at selected sales points."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TMRT ride method"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Stored-value cards, contactless bank cards, mobile wallets and QR products are separate gate-entry channels."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "TMRT ticket types",
        "url": "https://www.tmrt.com.tw/metro-life/ticket-types",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "TMRT ride method",
        "url": "https://www.tmrt.com.tw/metro-life/ride-method",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "CNRT Pay",
        "url": "https://ivysauro.github.io/CNRT/data/Pay",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "taipei-metro",
    "country": "Taiwan",
    "city": "Taipei",
    "region": "Taipei metropolitan area",
    "system": "Taipei Metro",
    "operator": "Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://english.metro.taipei/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "EasyCard",
            "iPASS",
            "icash 2.0"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Stored-value cards remain a standard gate-entry medium."
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "planned",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "CNRT records contactless bank-card gate entry as planned; verify launch status before travel.",
          "source": "CNRT Pay"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Easy Wallet transit QR",
            "Taiwan Pay transit QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Taipei Metro multipayment"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Easy Wallet transit QR",
            "Taiwan Pay transit QR",
            "TWQR-compatible transit codes"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Taipei Metro multipayment"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Gate entry depends on a supported transit QR provider rather than the general Taipei Metro app."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single-Journey Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Station-issued single-journey fare media remain available for occasional riders."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Taipei Metro one-day pass",
            "24-hour pass",
            "48-hour pass",
            "72-hour pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Time-based Taipei Metro passes are available subject to each product's validity rules."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Single-journey tickets and pass products can be purchased at station machines."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "planned",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Stored-value cards and TPASS products interoperate across multiple Taipei-area transport services."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Taipei Metro multipayment",
        "url": "https://web.metro.taipei/QRCode/multipayment/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Taipei Metro",
        "url": "https://english.metro.taipei/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "CNRT Pay",
        "url": "https://ivysauro.github.io/CNRT/data/Pay",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "taoyuan-airport-mrt",
    "country": "Taiwan",
    "city": "Taoyuan",
    "region": "Taoyuan and Taipei",
    "system": "Taoyuan Airport MRT",
    "operator": "Taoyuan Metro Corporation",
    "modes": [
      "airport rail",
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.tymetro.com.tw/tymetro-new/en/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "EasyCard",
            "iPASS",
            "icash 2.0"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Taoyuan Metro tickets"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "JCB",
            "UnionPay"
          ],
          "source": "Taoyuan Metro FAQ"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Samsung Pay",
            "NFC bank-card wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Taoyuan Metro mobile payment"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "iPASS MONEY",
            "Alipay",
            "online ticket QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "CNRT marks online-ticket QR as limited to Airport MRT, which is the system represented here.",
          "source": "Taoyuan Metro tickets"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Online or partner-app QR products are supported; check the exact ticket product before travel."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Token"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Taoyuan Metro usage"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Joint and visitor products are available through selected sales channels."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Taoyuan Metro usage"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "unknown",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "yes",
      "notes": "Contactless bank cards and stored-value cards work directly at supported gates."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Taoyuan Metro FAQ",
        "url": "https://www.tymetro.com.tw/tymetro-new/en/_pages/service/FAQ.php?page=4",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Taoyuan Metro tickets",
        "url": "https://www.tymetro.com.tw/tymetro-new/tw/_pages/travel-guide/ticket.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Taoyuan Metro mobile payment",
        "url": "https://www.tymetro.com.tw/tymetro-new/tw/_pages/travel-guide/ticketson05.php",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Taoyuan Metro usage",
        "url": "https://www.tymetro.com.tw/tymetro-new/tw/_pages/travel-guide/usage.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "CNRT Pay",
        "url": "https://ivysauro.github.io/CNRT/data/Pay",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "bangkok-bts",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "city": "Bangkok",
    "system": "BTS Skytrain",
    "operator": "Bangkok Mass Transit System",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.bts.co.th/eng/tickets/ticket-machine.html",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-27",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Rabbit Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BTS fare system"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "BTS gates do not accept direct EMV bank-card entry. A bank card can fund a linked Rabbit LINE Pay account, but the passenger still presents the physical Rabbit Card at the gate.",
          "source": "KTC EMV comparison"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "LINE Pay, WeChat Pay, Alipay and Thai mobile-banking apps can pay a vending-machine QR to buy a physical Single Journey Card; the phone is not presented at the gate.",
          "source": "BTS ticket machine"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The machine payment QR buys a single-journey card; it is not scanned at the gate.",
          "source": "BTS ticket machine"
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "BTS does not document an official app credential for direct gate entry."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BTS fare system"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "One-Day Pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BTS fare system"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BTS fare system"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "BTS documents coins, banknotes and QR payment depending on machine, not bank-card insertion or tapping.",
          "source": "BTS ticket machine"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "A physical bank card is not accepted directly at the BTS vending machine or fare gate; Rabbit Card is a separate transit credential.",
          "source": "KTC EMV comparison"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "LINE Pay",
            "WeChat Pay",
            "Alipay",
            "Thai mobile banking"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BTS ticket machine"
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Thai QR payment"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BTS ticket machine"
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "partial",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Rabbit Card primarily covers BTS and participating services; Bangkok rail systems do not share one universal fare medium."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "BTS fare system",
        "url": "https://www.bts.co.th/eng/library/system-tickets.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "BTS ticket machine",
        "url": "https://www.bts.co.th/eng/tickets/ticket-machine.html",
        "accessed": "2026-07-27"
      },
      {
        "title": "KTC EMV comparison",
        "url": "https://www.ktc.co.th/article/knowledge/tips/emv-contactless",
        "accessed": "2026-07-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "bangkok-mrt-blue-purple",
    "country": "Thailand",
    "city": "Bangkok",
    "region": "Bangkok metropolitan area",
    "system": "MRT Blue and Purple Lines",
    "operator": "Bangkok Expressway and Metro under the Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://metro.bemplc.co.th/EMV-Contactless?lang=en",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-27",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "MRT EMV Card",
            "Mangmoom EMV Card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Both are prepaid EMV transit cards. Mangmoom EMV is also accepted by other participating Bangkok-region transit systems.",
          "source": "MRTA Mangmoom EMV"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "UnionPay"
          ],
          "notes": "Tap the same eligible EMV contactless card at entry and exit. International Visa and Mastercard credit cards are accepted; UnionPay and Thai-issued debit-card eligibility is more restricted.",
          "source": "BEM EMV contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "BEM documents presenting an eligible physical EMV contactless card; Apple Pay, Google Pay and other phone wallets are not listed for gate entry."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR gate entry is not documented for the Blue and Purple Lines."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The BEM MRT app provides journey information rather than a gate-entry fare credential."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Single Journey Token"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BEM ticket types"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "BEM does not list a dedicated tourist pass among current Blue and Purple Line ticket types."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Thai baht coins and banknotes"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "BEM issuing tickets"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Ticket vending machines issue Single Journey Tokens and document payment by Thai baht coins or banknotes; bank cards are used directly at compatible fare gates instead.",
          "source": "BEM issuing tickets"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "EMV contactless cards are tapped at fare gates rather than used to buy a token from a vending machine.",
          "source": "BEM EMV contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Mobile-wallet payment is not documented at Blue or Purple Line ticket vending machines."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR payment is not documented at Blue or Purple Line ticket vending machines."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "no",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "EMV contactless media work across the Blue and Purple Lines and other participating Bangkok-region transit systems, but Bangkok rail operators still have different accepted fare media."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "BEM EMV contactless",
        "url": "https://metro.bemplc.co.th/EMV-Contactless?lang=en",
        "accessed": "2026-07-27"
      },
      {
        "title": "BEM ticket types",
        "url": "https://metro.bemplc.co.th/Ticket-Type?lang=en",
        "accessed": "2026-07-27"
      },
      {
        "title": "BEM issuing tickets",
        "url": "https://metro.bemplc.co.th/Metro-Issue-Ticket?lang=en",
        "accessed": "2026-07-27"
      },
      {
        "title": "MRTA Mangmoom EMV",
        "url": "https://mrta-eservice.mrta.co.th/hc/th/articles/14000384803599-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5-MANGMOOM-EMV",
        "accessed": "2026-07-27"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "istanbul-metro",
    "country": "Turkey",
    "city": "Istanbul",
    "system": "Metro Istanbul",
    "operator": "Metro Istanbul",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "light rail",
      "tram",
      "funicular",
      "cable car"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.metro.istanbul/en/Home/SikcaSorulanSorular",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Istanbulkart",
            "limited-use pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Istanbul FAQ"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Metro Istanbul documents Istanbulkart and limited-use cards rather than universal bank-card gate entry."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Digital Istanbulkart"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability and visitor onboarding depend on the Istanbulkart app and account requirements."
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Digital Istanbulkart QR"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Supported digital Istanbulkart products may use QR at compatible validators."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Istanbulkart Mobile"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Digital fare functions depend on product and account eligibility."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Limited-use pass"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Istanbul fares"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Limited-use multi-ride card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "Metro Istanbul fares"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Biletmatik machines sell and reload Istanbulkart products.",
          "source": "Metro Istanbul FAQ"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Payment capability varies by Biletmatik generation and station."
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "unknown",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Istanbulkart is shared across Istanbul public transport modes and municipal services."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Metro Istanbul FAQ",
        "url": "https://www.metro.istanbul/en/Home/SikcaSorulanSorular",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Metro Istanbul fares",
        "url": "https://metro.istanbul/SeferDurumlari/BiletUcretleri",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "dubai-metro",
    "country": "United Arab Emirates",
    "city": "Dubai",
    "system": "Dubai Metro",
    "operator": "Roads and Transport Authority",
    "modes": [
      "metro",
      "tram"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.rta.ae/wps/portal/rta/ae/public-transport/Nol-Home",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-22",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "nol card"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "RTA nol"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Bank cards are not the standard direct gate-entry payment method."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Digital nol card on supported Samsung or Huawei devices"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "This is a device-limited digital nol card, not general Apple Pay, Google Pay, or bank-card wallet acceptance.",
          "source": "RTA digital nol"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "The nol Pay app issues or manages a supported digital nol card; the app itself is not scanned or shown as a gate ticket."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "nol Red Ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "RTA describes the nol Red Ticket as a paper-based ticket sold by ticket vending machines.",
          "source": "RTA nol"
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "RTA does not document a separate Dubai Metro tourist pass; the nol Red Ticket is a regular paper ticket."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "RTA nol"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "RTA nol"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial for ticket purchase/top-up channels; direct bank-card gate entry is no."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Metro ticket vending machines are not documented as accepting mobile-wallet payment."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Metro ticket vending machines are not documented as accepting QR-code payment."
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "no",
      "fare_capping": "partial",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "nol is the shared stored-value product for Dubai public transport."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "RTA nol",
        "url": "https://www.rta.ae/wps/portal/rta/ae/public-transport/Nol-Home",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "RTA digital nol",
        "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2025/november/17-11/rta-unveils-upgraded-nol-pay-app-with-refreshed-design-and-enhanced-features",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Samsung digital nol",
        "url": "https://www.samsung.com/ae/galaxy-rta-nol/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "Huawei digital nol",
        "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/ae-en/support/content/en-us15785525/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "london-underground",
    "country": "United Kingdom",
    "city": "London",
    "region": "Greater London",
    "system": "London Underground",
    "operator": "Transport for London",
    "modes": [
      "metro"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-21",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Oyster"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TfL fares"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express"
          ],
          "source": "TfL contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "contactless mobile wallet"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TfL contactless"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "QR tickets are not the standard gate-entry method for the Underground."
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "TfL account/app supports account management, not direct QR gate entry."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Paper ticket"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Paper tickets remain available for some journeys but are not the recommended payment method."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Visitor Oyster"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "TfL fares"
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Availability varies by station and machine."
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express"
          ],
          "source": "TfL fares"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express"
          ],
          "source": "TfL contactless"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because support follows card acceptance at machines and varies by station/machine."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "yes",
      "regional_card": "yes",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "Oyster and contactless support daily/weekly capping across TfL modes with rules by zone and mode."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "TfL fares",
        "url": "https://tfl.gov.uk/fares/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-21"
      },
      {
        "title": "TfL contactless",
        "url": "https://contactless.tfl.gov.uk/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      }
    ],
    "notes": "Treat London as the reference implementation for mature open-loop urban rail payment."
  },
  {
    "id": "new-york-subway",
    "country": "United States",
    "city": "New York",
    "region": "New York metropolitan area",
    "system": "New York City Subway",
    "operator": "Metropolitan Transportation Authority",
    "modes": [
      "subway"
    ],
    "official_website": "https://www.mta.info/fares-tolls",
    "last_verified": "2026-07-21",
    "payment": {
      "gate_entry": {
        "local_transit_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "OMNY card",
            "MetroCard"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MTA fares"
        },
        "contactless_bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express",
            "Discover"
          ],
          "source": "OMNY"
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [
            "Apple Pay",
            "Google Pay",
            "Samsung Pay"
          ],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "OMNY"
        },
        "qr_code": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        },
        "official_app": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "OMNY is account-based contactless payment, not QR gate entry."
        },
        "paper_or_token": {
          "status": "deprecated",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Tokens are discontinued; MetroCard is being phased out."
        },
        "tourist_pass": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Visitors can use contactless cards or buy OMNY/MetroCard products."
        }
      },
      "ticket_machine": {
        "cash": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "source": "MTA fares"
        },
        "bank_card": {
          "status": "yes",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [
            "Visa",
            "Mastercard",
            "American Express",
            "Discover"
          ],
          "source": "MTA fares"
        },
        "contactless_card": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Machine capability varies; gate contactless is the primary open-loop channel."
        },
        "mobile_wallet": {
          "status": "partial",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": [],
          "notes": "Treated as partial because mobile wallets generally follow card acceptance at compatible machines."
        },
        "qr_payment": {
          "status": "no",
          "methods": [],
          "schemes": []
        }
      }
    },
    "interoperability": {
      "open_loop": "yes",
      "fare_capping": "yes",
      "regional_card": "partial",
      "national_card": "no",
      "notes": "OMNY fare capping applies within supported MTA services."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "MTA fares",
        "url": "https://www.mta.info/fares-tolls",
        "accessed": "2026-07-22"
      },
      {
        "title": "OMNY",
        "url": "https://omny.info/",
        "accessed": "2026-07-21"
      }
    ]
  }
]